Taylor GA, Hudak ML:
Color doppler unltrasound of changes in small vessel diameter and cerebral blood flow during acute anemia in the newborn lamb.
Investigative Radiology, Volume 29, pages 188-194, 1994.
United States
816906

Aasen AO, Gallimore MJ, Lilleaasen P, Lyngaas K, Larsbraaten M, Amundsen E:
Changes in antiplasmin and plasmin activities during extreme hemodilution and open-heart surgery in dogs.
European Surgical Research, Volume 11, pages 145-153, 1979.
Norway
80068953

Asano T, Matsumoto T, Tachibana H, Takemoto M, Kajiya F:
Myocardial microvascular perfusion after transfusion of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin evaluated in cross-circulated rat hearts using tracer digital radiography.
Journal of Artificial Organs, Volume 7, pages 145-148, 2004.
Japan
15558336

Batra S, Keipert PE, Bradley JD, Faithfull NS, Flaim SF:
Use of a PFC-based oxygen carrier to lower the transfusion trigger in a canine model of hemodilution and surgical blood loss.
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 411, pages 377-381, 1997.
United States
97414786

Biro GP, Beresford-Kroeger D:
Myocardial blood flow and O2-supply following dextran-haemodilution and methaemoglobinaemia in the dog.
Cardiovascular Research, Volume 13, pages 459-468, 1979.
United Kingdom
487384

Bowens C, Spahn D, Frasco P, Smith R, McRae R, Leone B:
Hemodilution induces stable changes in global cardiovascular and regional myocardial function.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 76, pages 1027-1032, 1993.
United States
93249049

Carey JS, Moore C, Lundberg H, Turner L, Williamson H, Scott C:
Determinants of cardiac output during experimental therapeutic hemodilution.
Annals of Surgery, Volume 181, pages 196-202, 1974.
United States
75089549

Carey JS, Williamson H, Moore C, Lundberg H, Turner L, Scott C, Sacks E:
Cardiovascular response to acute hemodilution.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 62, pages 103-116, 1971.
United States
71233812

Clarke, TNS, Foex P, Roberts IG, Saner CA, Bennet MJ:
Circulatory responses of the dog to acute isovolumic anaemia in the presence of high-grade adrenergic beta-receptor blockade.
British Journal of Anaesthesia, Volume 52, pages 337-341, 1980.
United Kingdom
80175208

Clarke TNS, Prys-Roberts C, Biro G, Foex P, Bennett MJ:
Aortic input impedance and left ventricular energetics in acute isovolumic anaemia.
Cardiovascular Research, Volume 12, pages 49-55, 1978.
United Kingdom
78146454

Cohn LH,  Lamberti JJ, Florian A, Moses R, Vandeventer S, Kirk E, Collins JJ:
Effects of hemodilution on acute myocardial ischemia.
Journal of Surgical Research, Volume 18, pages 523-529, 1975.
United States
75154563

Cornum RL, Martin RR, Bandy WC:
Transfusion of phosphoenolpyruvate-treated blood increases oxygen consumption in acute hemorrhage.
The American Journal of Surgery, Volume 175, pages 469-471, 1998.
United States
98307706

Creteur J, Sun Q, Abid O, De Backer D, Van Der Linden P, Vincent JL:
Normovolemic hemodilution improves oxygen extraction capabilities in endotoxic shock.
Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 91, pages 1701-1707, 2001.
Belgium
11568153

Crystal GJ, Salem MR:
Beta-adrenergic stimulation restores oxygen extraction reserve during acute normovolemic hemodilution.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 95, pages 851-857, 2002.
United States
12351256

Dedichen H, Race D, Shenk WG:
Hemodilution and concomitant hyperbaric oxygenation.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 53, pages 341-348, 1967.
United States
67095979

Driessen B, Jahr JS, Lurie F, Griffey SM, Gunther RA:
Effects of haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine) on intestinal perfusion and oxygenation in a canine hypovolaemia model.
British Journal of Anaesthesia, volume 86, pages 683-692, 2001. (Erratum in: Volume 87, page 329)
United States
11575346

Fahim M, Singh M:
Hemodynamic responses during acute normovolemic hemodilution in anesthetized dogs.
Japanese Journal of  Physiology, Volume 42, pages 753-763, 1992.
India
93148525

Fischer KJ:
Myocardial contractility during limited haemodilution.
Anesthetist, Volume 25, pages 143-149, 1976.
Germany
76203815
This article is in German.

Forst  H,  Racenberg R, Schosser J,  Messmer K:
Right ventricular tissue pO2 in dogs: Effects of hemodilution and acute right coronary artery occlusion.
Research in Experimental Medicine, Volume 187, pages 159-174, 1987.
Germany
87291135

Fowler  NO, Holmes JC:
Blood viscosity and cardiac output in acute experimental anemia.
Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 39, pages 453-456, 1975.
United States
76024759

Freitag M, Standl T, Horn EP, Wilhelm S, Schulte am Esch J:
Acute normovolaemic haemodilution beyond a haematocrit of 25%: ratio of skeletal muscle tissue oxygen tension and cardiac index is not maintained in the healthy dog.
European Journal of Anaesthesiology, Volume 19, pages 487-494, 2002.
Germany
12113611

Geha AS:
Coronary and cardiovascular dynamics and oxygen availability during acute normovolemic hemodilution.
Surgery, Volume 80, pages 47-53, 1976.
United States
76199698

Geha AS, Baue AE:
Graded coronary stenosis and coronary flow during acute normovolemic anemia.
World Journal of  Surgery, Volume 2, pages 645-651, 1978.
United States
79119702

Habler O, Kleen M, Hutter J, Podtschaske A, Tiede M, Kemming G, Corso C, Batra S, Keipert P, Faithfull S, Messmer K:
Effects of hemodilution on splanchnic perfusion and hepatorenal function. II. Renal perfusion and hepatorenal function.
European Journal of Medical Research, Volume 2, pages 419-424, 1997.
Germany
98012288

Habler O, Kleen M, Hutter J, Podtschaske A, Tiede M, Kemming G, Welte M, Corso C, Batra S, Keipert P, Faithfull S, Messmer K:
IV perflubron emulsion versus autologous transfusion in severe normovolemic anemia: effects on left ventricular perfusion and function.
Research in Experimental Medicine, Volume 197, pages 301-318, 1998.
Germany
98302649

Habler O, Kleen MS, Hutter JW, Podtschaske AH, Tiede M, Kemming GI, Welte MV, Corso CO, Batra S, Keipert PE, Faithfull NS, Messmer KFW:
Effects of hyperoxic ventilation on hemodilution-induced changes in anesthetized dogs.
Transfusion, Volume  38, pages 135-144, 1998.
Germany
98193095

Habler O, Kleen MS, Hutter JW, Podtschaske AH, Tiede M, Kemming GI, Welte MV, Corso CO, Messmer KF, Batra S, Keipert PE, Faithfull NS, Messmer KFW:
Hemodilution and intravenous perflubron emulsion as an alternative to blood transfusion:
Effects on tissue oxygenation during profound hemodilution in anesthetized dogs.
Transfusion, Volume 38, pages 145-155, 1998.
Germany
98193096

Habler O, Kleen MS, Podtschaske AH, Hutter JW, Tiede M, Kemming GI, Welte MV, Corso CO, Messmer KF:
The effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) on myocardial contractility in anesthetized dogs.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 83, pages 451-458, 1996.
Germany
96373971

Habler O, Kleen M, Podtschaske A, Hutter J, Tiede M, Kemming G, Messmer K:
Acute normovolemic hemodilutin (ANH). Effects of ANH on the diastolic function of the left ventricle.
Anaesthesist, Volume 49, pages 939-948, 2000.
Germany
11151814
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Hagl S, Heimisch W, Meisner H, Erben R, Baum M, Eisel-Eiselsberg W, Helms D, Schulgen C:
The effect of hemodilution on regional myocardial function in the presence of coronary stenosis.
Basic Research in Cardiology, Volume 72, pages 344-364, 1977.
Germany
77266425

Hare GM, Hum KM, Kim SY, Barr A, Baker AJ, Mazer CD:
Increased cerebral tissue oxygen tension after extensive hemodilution with a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 99, pages 528-535, 2004.
Canada
15271734

Hayashi K:
Effects of angiotensin II receptor antagonist on intestinal mucosal oxygenation during canine isovolemic hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch.
Masui, Volume 52, pages 603-610.
Japan.
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This article is in Japanese.

Hirose Y, Kimura H, Kitahara H, Tanaka K, Wada T, Oshita S:
Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on skin blood flow responses to acute isovolemic hemodilution during halothane and isoflurane anesthesia.
Masui Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology, Volume 47, pages 918-924, 1998.
Japan
98426563
This article is in Japanese.

Holman WL, Spruell RD, Ferguson ER, Clymer JJ, Vicente WVA, Murrah CP, Pacifico AD:
Tissue oxygenation with graded dissolved oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Journal of  Thoracic and  Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 110, pages 774-785, 1995.
United States
96004728

Hutter J, Habler O, Kleen M, Tiede M, Podtschaske A, Kemming G, Corso C, Batra S, Keipert P, Faithfull S, Messmer K:
Effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution on distribution of blood flow and tissue oxygenation in dog skeletal muscle.
Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 86, pages 860-866,1999.
Germany
99199349

Jan KM, Chien S:
Effect of hematocrit variation on coronary hemodynamics and oxygen utilization.
American  Journal of  Physiology, Volume 233, pages H106-H113, 1977.
United States
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Kaplan HR, Murthy VS:
Hemoglobin solution: a potential oxygen transporting plasma volume expander.
Federation Proceedings, Volume 34, pages 1461-1465, 1975.
United States
1126443

Kee DB, Wood JH:
Experimental isovolemic haemodilution-induced augmentation of carotid blood flow and oxygen transport through graded carotid stenoses.
Neurological Research, Volume 13, pages 205-208, 1991.
United States
1687328

Kerbaul F, Van der Linden P, Pierre S, Rondelet B, Melot C, Brimioulle S, Naeije R:
Prevention of hemodilution-induced inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by N-acetylcysteine in dogs.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 99, pages 547-551, 2004.
France
15271736

Kettler D, Hellberg K, Klaess G, Kontokoliias W, Loos W, de Vivie R:
Haemodynamics, oxygen demand and oxygen uptake of the heart during isovolaemic haemodilution.
Anaesthetist, Volume 25, pages 131-136, 1976.
Germany
76203813
This article is in German.

Kingma JG Jr, Sandhu R, Hamelin ND, Gendron D, Trudel Y, Bosa M, Stewart R, Fargey MB, Biro GP:
The effects of hemodilution with Hemolink upon hemodynamics and blood flow distribution in anesthetized dogs.
Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobilization Biotechnology, Volume 29, pages 465-481, 2001.
Canada
11795632
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Kleen M. Habler O, Hutter J,  Kemming G, Podstschaske A, Tiede M, Welte M, Keipert  P, Batra S, Faithfull S, Corso C, Zwissler B, Messmer K:
Hemodilution and hyperoxia locally change distribution of regional pulmonary perfusion in dogs.
American Journal of Physiology, Volume 274, pages H520-H528, 1998.
Germany
98147210

Kleen M, Habler O, Hutter J, Podtschaske A, Tiede M, Kemming G, Welte M, Corso C, Messmer K:
Effects of hemodilution on gastric regional perfusion and intramucosal pH.
American  Journal of  Physiology, Volume 271, pages H1849-H1855, 1996.
Germany
97101374

Kleen M, Habler O, Hutter J, Podtschaske A, Tiede M, Kemming G, Welte M, Keipert PE, Batra S, Faithfull SN, Corso C, Messmer K:
Normovolaemic haemodilution and hyperoxia have no effect on fractal dimension of regional myocardial perfusion in dogs.
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Volume 162, pages 439-446, 1998.
Germany
98259397

Kleen M, Habler O, Hutter J, Podtschaske A, Tiede M, Kemming J, Corso C,  Batra S, Keipert P, Faithfull S, Messmer K:
Effects of hemodilution on splanchnic perfusion and hepatorenal  function. I. Splanchnic perfusion.
European Journal of Medical Research, Volume 2, pages 413-418, 1997.
Germany
98012287

Korosue K, Heros RC, Ogilvy CS, Hyodo A, Tu YK, Graichen R:
Comparison of crystalloids and colloids for hemodilution in a model of focal cerebral ischemia.
Journal of Neurosurgery, Volume 73, pages 576-584, 1990.
United States
1697903

Krieter H, Hagen G, Waschke KF, Kohler A, Wenneis B, Bruckner UB, Van Ackern K:
Isovolemic hemodilution with a bovine hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier: Effects on hemodynamics and oxygen transport in comparison with a nonoxygen-carrying volume substitute.
Journal of  Cardiothoracic and  Vascular  Anesthesia, Volume 11, pages 3-9, 1997.
Germany
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Leone B, Spahn DR: Regional ischemia during hemodilution in flow compromised myocardium:  Evidence for incomplete metabolic recovery.
Journal of  Cardiac Surgery, Volume 9, (suppl) pages 442-448,1994.
United States
94348205

Levy PS, Kim SJ, Eckel PK, Chavez R, Ismail EF, Gould SA, Salem RM, Crystal GJ:
Limit to cardiac compensation during acute isovolemic hemodilution: Influence of coronary stenosis.
American  Journal of  Physiology, Volume 265, pages H340-H349, 1993.
Unted States
93343277

Levy PS, Quigley RL, Gould SA:
Acute dilutional anemia and critical left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis impairs end organ oxygen delivery.
Journal of Trauma, Volume 41, pages 416-423, 1996.
United States
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Loos W, Kettler K, Hellberg K, Kontokollias JS, de Vivie R:
Haemodynamics and tolerance to hypoxia of the myocardium under 6%-oxygen ventilation following acute isovolaemic haemodilution in experimental animals.
Anaesthetist, Volume 25, pages 137-142, 1976.
Germany
76203814
This article is in German.

Messmer K, Gornandt L, Sinagowitz E, Sunder-Plassmann L, Jesch F, Kessler M:
Local oxygen tension in tissue of different organs during limited normovolemic hemodilution.
Bibliotheca   Anatomica, Volume  12, pages 327-332, 1973.
Germany
74165295

Messmer K, Lewis DH, Sunder-Plassmann L, Klovekorn WP, Mendler N, Holper K:
Acute normovolemic hemodilution: Changes of central hemodynamics and microcirculatory flow in skeletal muscle.
European Surgical Research, Volume 4, pages 55-70, 1972.
Germany
72110636

Messmer K, Sunder-Plassman L, Jesch F, Gornandt L, Sinagowitz E, Kessler M, Pfeiffer R, Horn E, Hoper J, Joachimsmeier K:
Oxygen supply to the tissues during limited normovolemic hemodilution.
Research in Experimental Medicine, Volume 159, pages 152-166, 1973.
Germany
73097539

Nozaki J, Kitahata H, Tanaka K, Kawahito S, Oshita S:
The effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in the absence or presence of beta-adrenergic blockade in dogs.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 94, pages 1120-1126, 2002.
Japan
11973172

Nozaki J, Kitahata H, Tanaka K, Kawahito S, Oshita S:
Effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on ventriculoarterial coupling in dogs.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Volume 47, pages 46-72, 2003.
Japan
12492796

Pavek K, Carey JS:
Hemodynamics and oxygen availability during isovolemic hemodilution.
American Journal of Physiology, Volume 226, pages 1172-1177, 1974.
United States
7415253

Race D, Dedichen H, Schenk WG:
Regional blood flow during dextran-induced normovolemic hemodilution in the dog.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 53, pages 578-586, 1967.
Unted States
67133059

Richardson TQ, Guyton AC:
Effects of polycythemia and anemia in cardiac output and other circulatory factors.
American  Journal of Physiology, Volume 197, pages 1167-1170, 1959.
United States
N/A

Rosberg B:
Regional lung function and central hemodynamics following normovolemic hemodilution in the dog.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Volume 23, pages 137-142, 1979
Sweden
79187639

Rosberg B, Wulff K:
Regional blood flow in normovolaemic and hypovolaemic haemodilution  and experimental study.
British  Journal of  Anaesthesia, Volume 51, pages 423-430, 1979.
United Kingdom
79187639

Scherer R, Wendt M, Schneider U, Kober S, Lawn P:
Oxygen transport during hemodilution in normoxic and hypoxic dogs treated with verapamil.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Volume 27, pages 495-500, 1983.
Germany
6666529

Schwartz JA, Keagy BA, Johnson G:
Effect of the acute phase reaction on blood viscosity after infrainguinal arterial bypass.
American Journal of Surgery, Volume 152, pages 158-164, 1986.
United States
3740353

Spahn DR, Smith LR, McRae RL, Leone BJ:
Effects of acute isovolemic hemodilution and anesthesia on regional function in left ventricular myocardium with compromised coronary blood flow.
Acta Anaesthesiologica  Scandinavica, Volume 36, pages 628-636, 1992.
Switzerland
93070796

Spahn DR, Smith LR, Schell RM, Hoffman RD, Gillespie R, Leone BJ:
Importance of severity of coronary artery disease for the tolerance to normovolemic hemodilution: Comparison of single-vessel versus multivessel stenoses on a canine model.
Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 108, pages 231-239,1994.
Switzerland
94315925

Spahn DR, Smith LR, Veronee CD, McRae RL, Hu WC, Menius AJ, Lowe JE, Leone BJ:
Acute isovolemic hemodilution and blood transfusion – Effects on regional function and metabolism in myocardium with compromised coronary blood flow.
Journal of  Thoracic and  Cardiovascular  Surgery, Volume 105, pages 694-704, 1993.
Switzerland
93225549

Standl T, Freitag M, Burmeister MA, Horn EP, Wilhelm S, Am Esch JS:
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier HBOC-201 provides higher and faster increase in oxygen tension in skeletal muscle of anemic dogs than do stored red blood cells.
Journal of Vascular Surgery, Volume 37, pages 859-865, 2003.
Germany
12663989

Standl T, Horn P, Greim C, Freitag M, Freitag U, Sputtek A, Jacobs E, Schulte am Esch J:
Bovine haemoglobin is more potent than autologous red blood cells in restoring muscular tissue oxygenation after profound isovolaemic haemodilution in dogs.
Canadian Journal of  Anaesthesia, Volume 43,  pages 714-723, 1996.
Germany
96400803

Standl T, Lipfert B, Reeker W, Schulte am Esch J, Lorke DE:
Acute effects of complete blood exchange with ultra-purified hemoglobin solution or hydroxyethyl starch on liver and kidney in the animal model]
Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie, Volume 31, pages 354-361, 1996.
Germany
8962930
This article is in German

Sunder-Plassmann L, Kessler M, Dieterle JR, Messmer K:
Acute normovolemic hemodilution.
Bibliotheca Haematologica, Volume 41, pages 44-53, 1975.
Germany
1180834

Tanaka M, Nishikawa T:
Hemodilution does not alter arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in anesthetized dogs.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 96, pages 28-32, 2003.
Japan
12505918

Van der Linden P, De Hert S, Mathieu N, Degroote F, Schmartz D, Zhang H, Vincent JL:
Tolerance to acute isovolemic hemodilution. Effect of anesthetic depth.
Anesthesiology, Volume 99, pages 97-104, 2003.
Belgium
12826848

Van Der Linden P, Gilbart E, Paques P, Simon C, Vincent JL:
Influence of hematocrit on tissue O2 extraction capabilities during acute hemorrhage.
American  Journal of  Physiology, Volume 264, pages H1942-H1947,1993.
Belgium
93311583

Wang BS, Wang LJ, Zhang YB, Lu JS, Tang N, Huang YT, Yan WH, Song W:
Reduction of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by isovolumic hemodilution.
Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, Volume 17, pages 181-186, 1997.
China
9356781

Yoshikawa H, Powell WJ, Bland JHL, Lowenstein E:
Effect of acute anemia on experimental myocardial ischemia.
American  Journal of  Cardiology, Volume 32, pages 670-678, 1973.
United States
74009665

ANIMAL STUDIES - Feline

Chan R, Leniger-Follert E, Mattig A:
Effect of isovolemic hemodilution on oxygen supply and electrocorticogram in cat brain during focal ischemia and in normal tissue.
Internal Journal of Microcirculation Clinical and Experimental, Volume 2, pages 297-313, 1983.
Germany
84288202

Rebel A, Ulatowski JA, Joung K, Bucci E, Traystman RJ, Koehler RC:
Regional cerebral blood flow in cats with cross-linked hemoglobin transfusion
during focal cerebral ischemia.
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume 282, pages H832-841, 2002.
United States
11834476

Talwar A, Fahim M:
Detrimental effect of hypothermia during acute normovolaemic haemodilution in anaesthetized cats.
International Journal of J Biometeorology, Volume 41, pages 113-199, 1998.
India
9531854

Talwar A, Fahim M:
Circulatory response to hyperthermia during acute normovolaemic haemodilution.
International Journal of Biometeorology, Volume 41, pages 169-174, 1998.
India
9602543

Talwar A, Hussain ME, Fahim M:
Hemodilution-induced inhibition of cardiovascular responses to some vasoactive agents in anesthetized cats.
Japanese Journal of Physiology, Volume 45, pages 423-436, 1995.
India
96061495

ANIMAL STUDIES - Hamster

Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Intaglietta M:
Microvascular pressure and functional capillary density in extreme hemodilution with low- and high-viscosity dextran and a low-viscosity Hb-based O2 carrier.
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume 287, pages H363-373, 2004.
United States
14975932

Cabrales P, Kanika ND, Manjula BN, Tsai AG, Acharya SA, Intaglietta M:
Microvascular PO2 during extreme hemodilution with hemoglobin site specifically PEGylated at Cys-93(beta) in hamster window chamber.
American  Journal of Physiology.  Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume 287, pages H1609-1617, 2004.
United States
PMID: 15191899

Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Frangos JA, Briceno JC, Intaglietta M:
Oxygen delivery and consumption in the microcirculation after extreme hemodilution with perfluorocarbons.
American Journal of Physiology.  Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume 287, pages H320-30.
United States
15210452

Cabrales P, Sakai H, Tsai AG, Takeoka S, Tsuchida E, Intaglietta M:
Oxygen transport by low and normal oxygen affinity hemoglobin vesicles in extreme hemodilution.
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circ Physiology, Volume 288, pages H1885-1892, 2004.
United States
15563528

Cabrales P, Kanika ND, Manjula BN, Tsai AG, Acharya SA, Intaglietta M:
Microvascular PO2 during extreme hemodilution with hemoglobin site specifically PEGylated at Cys-93(beta) in hamster window chamber.
Ameican Journal of Physiology.  Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume H1609-1617, 2004.
United States
15191899

Contaldo C, Schramm S, Wettstein R, Sakai H, Takeoka S, Tsuchida E, Leunig M, Banic A, Erni D:
Improved oxygenation in ischemic hamster flap tissue is correlated with increasing hemodilution with Hb vesicles and their O2 affinity.
American Journal of Physiology.  Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume 285, pages H1140-1147, 2003.
Switzerland
12738620

Erni D, Wettstein R, Schramm S, Contaldo C, Sakai H, Takeoka S, Tsuchida E, Leunig M, Banic A:
Normovolemic hemodilution with Hb vesicle solution attenuates hypoxia in ischemic hamster flap tissue.
American Journal of Physiology.  Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume 284, pages H1702-1709, 2003.
Switzerland
12521933

Tsai AG, Cabrales P, Intaglietta M:
Microvascular perfusion upon exchange transfusion with stored red blood cells in normovolemic anemic conditions.
Transfusion, Volume 44, pages 1626-1634.
United States
15504169

ANIMAL STUDIES - Porcine

Chamot SR, Petrig BL, Pournaras CJ, Riva CE:
Effect of isovolumic hemodilution on oxygen delivery to the optic nerve head.
Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, Volume 219, pages 292-295, 2002.
Switzerland.
12022021
Article is in German.

Kemming GI, Meisner FG, Kleen M, Meier JM, Tillmanns J, Hutter JW, Wojtczyk CJ, Packert KB, Bottino D, Habler OP:
Hyperoxic ventilation at the critical haematocrit.
Resuscitation, Volume 56, pages 289-297, 2003.
Germany
12628560

Kurita T, Kazama T, Morita K, Fujii S, Uraoka M, Takata K, Sato S:
Influence of fluid infusion associated with high-volume blood loss on plasma propofol concentrations.
Anesthesiology, Volume 100, pages 871-878, 2004. (Discussion pages 5A-6A.)
Japan
PMID: 15087622

Lund N, Jacobsson L, Lewis DH:
Effect of normovolemic hemodilution on skeletal muscle oxygen pressure fields in atherosclerotic mini-pigs.
European Surgical Research, Volume 12, pages 79-86, 1980.
Sweden
81003989

Meier J, Kemming GI, Kisch-Wedel H, Wolkhammer S, Habler OP:
Hyperoxic ventilation reduces 6-hour mortality at the critical hemoglobin concentration.
Anesthesiology, Volume 100, pages 70-76, 2004.  (Erratum in: Anesthesiology, Volume 100, page 1337, 2004).
Germany
14695726

Meisner FG, Kemming GI, Habler OP, Kleen MS, Tillmanns JH, Huttor JW, Bottino DA, Thein E, Meier JM, Wojtczyk CJ, Pape A, Messmer K:
Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin enables extreme hemodilution beyond the critical hematocrit.
Critical Care Medicine, Volume 29, pages 829-838, 2001. ( Comment 908-910)
Germany
11373478

Noldge GFE, Priebe HJ, Bohle W, Buttler KJB, Geiger K:
Effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on splanchnic oxygenation and on hepatic histology and metabolism in anesthetized pigs.
Anesthesiology, Volume 74, pages 908-918, 1991.
Germany
91214033

Noldge GFE, Priebe HJ, Geiger K:
Splanchnic hemodynamics and oxygen supply during acute normovolemic hemodilution alone and with isoflurane-induced hypotension in the anesthetized pig.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 75, pages 660-674, 1992.
Germany
93036436

Perez-de-Sa V, Cunha-Goncalves D, Schou H, Jonmarker C, Werner O:
The hemodynamic and metabolic effects of shivering during acute normovolemic hemodilution.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 9, pages 972-978, 2003.
Sweden
1450014

Perez-de-Sa V, Roscher R, Cunha-Goncalves D, Larsson A, Werner O:
Mild hypothermia has minimal effects on the tolerance to severe progressive normovolemic anemia in Swine.
Anesthesiology, Volume 97, pages 1189-1197, 2002.
Sweden
12411805 

Schou H, Kongstad L, Perez de Sa V, Werner O, Larsson A:
Uncompensated blood loss is not tolerated during acute hemodilution in anesthetized pigs.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 87, pages 786-794, 1998.
Sweden
98439707

Schou H, Perez de Sa V, Larsson A:
Central and mixed venous blood oxygen correlate well during acute normovolemic hemodilution in anesthetized pigs.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Volume 42, pages 172-177, 1998.
Sweden
98169936

Schou H, Perez de Sa V, Sigurdardottir M, Roscher R, Jonmarker C, Werner O:
Circulatory effects of hypoxia, acute normovolemic hemodilution and their combination in anesthetized pigs.
Anesthesiology, Volume 84, pages 1443-1454, 1996.
Sweden
96258797

Schou H, Perez de Sa V, Roscher R, Larsson A:
Nitrous oxide reduces inspired oxygen fraction but does not compromise circulation and oxygenation during hemodilution in pigs.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Volume 41, pages 923-930, 1997.
Sweden
97410889

Schramm S, Wettstein R, Wessendorf R, Jakob SM, Banic A, Erni D:
Acute normovolemic hemodilution improves oxygenation in ischemic flap tissue.
Anesthesiology, Volume 96, pages 1478-1484, 2002.
Switzerland
12170063

Schwarte LA, Fournell A, van Bommel J, Ince C:
Redistribution of intestinal microcirculatory oxygenation during acute hemodilution in pigs.
Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 98, pages 1070-1075, 2005.
Netherlands
15475597

Trouwborst A, Tenbrinck R, Fennema M, Bucx M, van der Broek WG, Trouwborst-Weber BK:
Cardiovascular responses, hemodynamics and oxygen transport to tissue during moderate isovolemic hemodilution in pigs.
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 277, pages 873-879, 1990.
Holland
91263866

Trouwborst A, Tenbrinck R, Van Woerkens ECSM:
Blood gas analysis of mixed venous blood during normoxic acute isovolemic hemodilution in pigs.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 70, pages 523-529, 1990.
Holland
90233502

Trouwborst A, Tenbrinck R, Van Woerkens ECSM:
S35: A new parameter in blood gas analysis for monitoring the systemic oxygenation.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Volume 50: supplement 203, pages 135-142, 1990.
Holland
91212921

Trouwborst A, van den Broek WG, Tenbrinck R, Groenland TH, Bucx M, Faithfull NS:
Alterations in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve during normoxic acute normovolemic hemodilution.
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 268, pages 419-425, 1989.
Netherlands
89390100

Van Bommel J, Trouwborst A, Schwarte L, Siegemund M, Ince C, Henny ChP:
Intestinal and cerebral oxygenation during severe isovolemic hemodilution and subsequent hyperoxic ventilation in a pig model.
Anesthesiology, Volume 97, pages 660-670, 2002.
Holland
12218534

ANIMAL STUDIES - Primates

Levine E, Rosen A, Sehgal L, Gould H, Sehgal H, Moss G:
Physiologic effects of acute anemia: implications for a reduced transfusion trigger.
Transfusion, Volume 30, pages 11-14, 1990.
United States
90117621

Myburgh JA, Smit JA:
Acute normovolaemic haemodilution in orthotopic liver transplantation in the baboon.
South African Journal of Surgery, Volume 12, pages 205-211, 1974.
South Africa
4614471

ANIMAL STUDIES - Rabbits

Bergqvist D, Arfors KE:
The effects of normovolemic hemodilution on microvascular hemostasis in the rabbit.
Research of Experimental Medicine, Volume 175, pages 61-66, 1979.
Sweden
79181331

Briden KL, Teltser M, Weiss H:
The effects of mild normovolemic hemodilution on regional flow, oxygenation, and small vessel blood content in the rabbit heart subjected to acute coronary occlusion.
Circulatory Shock, Volume  6, pages 223-233, 1979.
United States
80045281

Brozmanova A, Zila I, Javorka K, Porubcan J, Kapsova J:
Effects of acute normovolemic haemodilution on cardiorespiratory changes in hyperthermia and its physical treatment.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, Volume 20, pages 851-864, 2004.
Slovakia
15764346

Caron A, Menu P, Faivre-Fiorina B, Labrude P, Alayash AI, Vigneron C:
Cardiovascular and hemorheological effects of three modified human hemoglobin solutions in hemodiluted rabbits.
Journal of Applied  Physiology, Volume 86, pages 541-548, 1999.
France
99130166

Deem S, McKinney S, Polissar NL, Hedges RG, Swenson ER:
Hemodilution during venous gas embolization improves gas exchange, without altering VA/Q or pulmonary blood flow distributions.
Anesthesiology, Volume 91, pages 1861-1872, 1999.
United States
20065690

Karadibak K, Gokmen N, Erbayraktar S, Goktay Y, Taplu A, Arkan A, Erkan N:
Effects of normovolaemic haemodilution on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and oxygen delivery.
European Journal of Anaesthesiology, Volume 19, pages 330-336, 2002.
Turkey
12095012

Klar E, Herfarth C, Messmer K:
Therapeutic effect of isovolemic hemodilution with dextran 60 on the impairment of pancreatic microcirculation in acute biliary pancreatitis.
Annals of  Surgery, Volume 211,  pages 346-353, 1990.
Germany
90179293

Klar E, Mall G, Messmer K, Herfarth C, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL :
Improvement of impaired pancreatic microcirculation by isovolemic hemodilution protects pancreatic morphology in acute biliary pancreatitis.
Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Volume 176, pages 144-150, 1993.
United States
8421802

Lindbom L, Mirhashemi S, Intaglietta M, Arfors KE:
Increase in capillary blood flow and relative haematocrit in rabbit skeletal muscle following acute normovolaemic anaemia.
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Volume 134, pages 503-512, 1988.
United States
3250219

Lubarsky DA, Smith LR, Sladen RN, Mault JR, Reed RL:
Defining the relationship of oxygen delivery and consumption: Use of biologic system models.
Journal of  Surgical Research, Volume 58, pages 503-508, 1995.
United States
95264720

Min BZ:
Effect of isovolumic hemodilution on regional blood flow and small vessel capacitance of the myocardium in acute ischemia in the rabbit.
Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi, Volume 14, pages 358-360, 1986.
China
3582162
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Mirhashemi S, Messmer K, Arfors KE, Intaglietta M:
Microcirculatory effects of normovolemic hemodilution in skeletal muscle.
International Journal of  Microcirculation Clinical and Experimental, Volume 6, pages 359-369, 1987.
United States
88114347

Nielsen VG, Baird MS, Brix AE, Matalon S:
Extreme, progressive isovolemic hemodilution with 5% human albumin, PentaLyte, or extend does not cause hepatic ischemia or histologic injury in rabbits.
Anesthesiology, Volume 90, pages 1428-1435, 1999.
United States
99251510

Todd MM, Wu B, Maktabi M, Hindman BJ, Warner DS:
Cerebral blood flow and oxygen deliver during hypoxemia and hemodilution: role of arterial oxygen content.
American Journal Physiology,Volume 267, pages H2025-H2031, 1994.
United States
7977834

Tommasino C, Moore S, Todd MM:
Cerebral effects of isovolemic hemodilution with crystalloid or colloid solutions.
Critical Care Medicine, Volume 16, pages 862-868, 1988.
Italy
2456893

ANIMAL STUDIES - Rodents

Barker JH, Hammersen F, Galla TJ, Bondar I, Zeller P, Menger M, Messmer K:
Direct monitoring of capillary perfusion following normovolemic hemodilution in an experimental skin-flap model.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Volume 86, pages 946-954, 1990.
Germany
91046438

Borgstrom L, Johannsson H, Siesjo BK:
The influence of acute normovolemic anemia on cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption of anesthetized rats.
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, Volume 93, pages 505-514, 1975.
Sweden
75221869

d'Almeida MS, White M, Martin CM, Sibbald WJ, Chin-Yee IH:
Effect of haemodilution with diaspirin cross-linked haemoglobin on the oxygen reserve in a rodent model of surgical blood loss.
Transfusion Medicine, Volume 13, pages 293-301, 2003.
 Canada
14617340

Doss D, Estafanous FG, Ferrario CM, Brum JM, Murray PA:
Mechanism of systemic vasodilation during normovolemic hemodilution.
Anesthesia Analgesia, Volume 81, pages 30-34, 1995.
Unted States
95321489

Estafanous  FG,  Smith CE, Selim WM, Tarazi RC:
Cardiovascular effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution in rats with disopyramide-induced myocardial depression.
Basic Research in Cardiology, Volume 85, pages 227-236, 1990.
United States
90343700

Foitzik T, Hotz HG, Kinsig M, Sorgel F, Klar E, Warshaw AL, Buhr HJ:
Improvement of pancreatic capillary blood flow does not augment the pancreatic tissue concentration of imepenem in acute experimental pancreatitis.
European Surgical Research, Volume 28, pages 395-401, 1996.
Germany
8954315

Frietsch T, Lenz C, Kuschinsky W, Waschke KE:
Effects of chronic isovolaemic haemodilution on regional cerebral blood flow in conscious rats.
European Journal of Anaesthesiology, Volume 21, pages 53-59, 2004.
Germany
14768924

Kobayashi H, Smith CE, Fouad-Tarazi FM, Wicker P, Estafanous GF:
Circulatory effects of acute normovolaemic haemodilution in rats with healed myocardial infarction.
Cardiovascular Research, Volume 10, pages 842-851, 1989.
Unites States
2620313

Komatsu T, Yamamoto H, Huang Y, Horinouchi H, Kobayashi K, Tsuchida E:
Exchange transfusion with synthetic oxygen-carrying plasma protein "albumin-heme" into an acute anemia rat model after seventy-percent hemodilution.
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Volume 71A, pages 644-651, 2004.
Japan
15514927

Harris AG, Sinitsina I, Messmer K:
Validation of OPS imaging for microvascular measurements during isovolumic hemodilution and low hematocrits.
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume 282, pages H1502-1509, 2002.
Germany
11893588

Hotz HG, Schmidt J, Ryschiech EW, Foitzik T, Buhr HJ, Warshaw AL, Herfarth C, Klar E:
Isovolemic hemodilution with dextran prevents contrast medium induced impairment of pancreatic microcirculation in necrotizing pancreatitis of the rat.
American Journal of Surgery, Volume 169, pages 161-166, 1995.
Germany
7529462

Inoue RY, Gontijo JAR, Franchini GK:
Hemodilution mediates hemodynamic changes during acute expansion in unanesthetized rats.
American Journal of Physiology, Volume 279, pages R2243-R2251, 2000.
Brazil
11080092

Kerner T, Vollmar B, Merner MD, Waldner H, Messmer K:
Determinants of pancreatic microcirculation in acute pancreatitis in rats.
Journal of Surgical Research, Volume 62, pages 165-171, 1996.
Germany
8632634

Kuo L, Pittman RN:
Effect of hemodilution on oxygen transport in arteriolar networks of hamster striated muscle.
American Journal of  Physiology, Volume 254, pages H331-H339, 1988.
United States
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Lin W, Paczynski RP, Celik A, Hsu CY, Powers WJ:
Effects of acute normovolemic hemodilution on T2*-weighted images of rat brain.
Magnetic Resonance Med, Volume 40, pages 857-864, 1998.
United States
99054565

Menger MD, Laschke MW, Amon M, Schramm R, Thorlacius H, Rucker M, Vollmar B:
Experimental models to study microcirculatory dysfunction in muscle ischemia-reperfusion and osteomyocutaneous flap transfer.
Langenbecks Archives of Surgery, Volume 388, pages 281-290, 2003.
Germany
14530978

Morgan TJ, Venkatesh B, Hall J:
Crystalloid strong ion difference determines metabolic acid-base change during acute normovolaemic haemodilution.
Intensive Care Medicine, Volume 30, Pages 1432-1437, 2004.
Australia
14991093

Morita Y, Chin-Yee I, Yu P, Sibbald WJ, Martin CM:
Critical oxygen delivery in conscious septic rats under stagnant or anemic hypoxia.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Volume 167, pages 868-872, 2003.
Canada
12480606

Ohtaki M, Tranmer BI:
Role of hypervolemic hemodilution in focal cerebral ischemia of rats.
Surgical Neurology, Volume 40, pages 196-206, 1993.
Canada
8346473

Panes J, Casadevall M, Pique JM, Bosch J, Whittle BJR, Teres J:
Effects of acute normovolemic anemia on gastric mucosal blood flow in rats: role of nitric oxide.
Gastroenterology, Volume 103, pages 407-413, 1992.
England
1634059

Shen H, Greene AS, Stein EA, Hudetz AG:
Functional cerebral hyperemia is unaffected by isovolemic hemodilution.
Anesthesiology, Volume 96, pages 142-147, 2002.
United States
11753014

Shinoda T, Smith CE, Estafanous FG, Khairallah PA:
Circulatory effects of verapamil during normovolemic hemodilution in anesthetized rats.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 72, pages 744-750, 1991.
United States
91241578

Shinoda T, Smith CE, Khairallah PA, Fouad-Tarazi FM, Estafanous FG:
Effects of propanolol on myocardial performance during acute normovolemic hemodilution.
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 5, pages 15-22, 1991.
United States
91329625

Shinoda T, Mekhail NA, Estafanous FG, Smith CE, Khairallah PA:
Hemodynamic responses to dobutamine during acute normovolemic hemodilution.
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 8, pages 545-551, 1994.
United States
95102009

Tsai AG:
Influence of cell-free Hb on local tissue perfusion and oxygenation in acute anemia after isovolemic hemodilution.
Transfusion, Volume 41, pages 1290-1298, 2001.
United States
11606831

Torres Filho IP, Spiess BD, Pittman RN, Barbee RW, Ward KR:
Experimental analysis of critical oxygen delivery.
American Journal of Physiology.  Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Volume 288, pages H1071-1079, 2005.
United States
15513959

Tuz M, Eroglu E, Dogru H, Delibas N, Tunc B, Uygur K:
The effect of replacement fluids and normovolaemic haemodilution on the survival of dorsal skin flaps in rats.
Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences, Volume 29, pages 80-83, 2004.
Turkey
14961857

Blood Substitutes

Arnold DM, Molinaro G, Warkentin TE, DiTomasso J, Webert KE, Davis I, Lesiuk L, Dunn G, Heddle NM, Adam A, Blajchman MA:
Hypotensive transfusion reactions can occur with blood products that are leukoreduced before storage.
Transfusion, Volume 44, pages 1361-1366, 2004.
Canada
15318862

Cheng DC, Mazer CD, Martineau R, Ralph-Edwards A, Karski J, Robblee J, Finegan B, Hall RI, Latimer R, Vuylsteke A:
A phase II dose-response study of hemoglobin raffimer (Hemolink) in elective coronary artery bypass surgery.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 127, pages 79-86, 2004.
Canada
14752416

Dietz N, Joyner MJ, Warner MA:
Blood substitutes: fluids, drugs, or miracle solutions?
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 82, pages 390-405, 1996.
United States
96153966

Frumento RJ, Mongero L, Naka Y, Bennett-Guerrero E:
Preserved gastric tonometric variables in cardiac surgical patients administered intravenous perflubron emulsion.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 94, pages 809-814, 2002.
United States
11916777

Gan TJ, Bennett-Guerrero E, Phillips-Bute B, Wakeling H, Moskowitz DM, Olufolabi Y, Konstadt SN, Bradford C, Glass PS, Machin SJ, Mythen MG:
Hextend, a physiologically balanced plasma expander for large volume use in major surgery: a randomized phase III clinical trial.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 88, pages 992-998, 1999.
United States
99251875

Gollan F, Aono M, Flores A:
Oxygen transport of colloidal fluorocarbon suspensions in asanguineous rabbits.
American Journal of Physiology, Volume 229, pages1045-1049, 1975.
United States
1190316

Goodnough LT, Scott MG, Monk TG:
Oxygen carriers as blood substitutes past, present and future.
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, Volume 357, pages 89-100, 1998.
United States
99116230

Habler O, Schwenzer K, Zimmer K, Prager M, Konig U, Oppenrieder K, Pape A, Steinkraus E, Reither A, Buchrot A, Zwissler B:
Effects of standardized acute normovolemic hemodilution on intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing major maxillofacial surgery.
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Volume 33, pages 467-475, 2004.
Germany
15183411

Hill SE, Gottschalk LI, Grichnik K:
Safety and preliminary efficacy of hemoglobin raffimer for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 16, pages 695-702, 2002.
United States
12486649
 
Hill SE, Leone BJ, Faithfull NS, Flaim KE, Keipert PE, Newman MF:
Perflubron emulsion (AF0144) augments harvesting of autologous blood: a phase II  study in cardiac surgery.
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 16, pages 555-560, 2002.
United States
12407605

Kasper SM, Grune F, Walter M, Amr N, Erasmi H, Buzello W:
The effects of increased doses of bovine hemoglobin on hemodynamics and oxygen transport in patients undergoing preoperative hemodilution for abdominal aortic surgery.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 87, pages 284-291, 1998.
Germany
98370414

Kavdia M, Popel AS:
Wall shear stress differentially affects NO level in arterioles for volume expanders and Hb-based O2 carriers.
Microvascular Research, Volume 66, pages 49-58, 2003.
United States
12826074

Keipert PE, Faithfull NS, Bradley JD, Hazard DY, Hogan J, Levisetti MS, Peters RM:
Oxygen delivery augmentation by low-dose perfluorochemical emulsion during profound normovolemic hemodilution.
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 345, pages 197-204, 1994.
United States
94360836

Keipert PE:
Use of Oxygent, a perfluorochemical-based oxygen carrier, as an alternative to intraoperative blood transfusion.
Artificial Cells Blood Substitutes and Immobilization Biotechnology, Volume 23, pages 381-394, 1995.
United States
96114768

Keipert PE, Faithfull NS, Bradley JD, Hazard DY, Hogan J, Levisetti MS, Peters RM:
Enhanced oxygen delivery by perflubron emulsion during acute hemodilution.
Artificial Cells Blood Substitutes and Immobilization Biotechnology, Volume 22, pages 1161-1167, 1994.
United States
95152751

Nolte D, Pickelmann S, Lang M, Keipert P, Messmer K:
Compatibility of different colloid plasma expanders with perflubron emulsion.
Anesthesiology, Volume 93, pages 1261-1270, 2000.
United States
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Riess JG:
Overview of progress in the fluorocarbon approach to oxygen delivery.
Biomaterials Artificial Cells and Immobilization Biotechnology, Volume 20, pages 183-202, 1992.
France
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Spahn DR, van Brempt R, Theilmeier G, Reibold JP, Welte M, Heinzerling H, Birck KM, Keipert PE, Messmer K, Heinzerling H, Birck KM, Keipert PE, Messmer K:
Perflubron emulsion delays blood transfusions in orthopedic surgery.
Anesthesiology, Volume 91, pages 1195-1208, 1999.
United States
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Spahn DR, Waschke KF, Standl T, Motsch J, Van Huynegem L, Welte M, Gombotz H, Coriat P, Verkh L, Faithfull S, Keipert P:
Use of perflubron emulsion to decrease allogeneic blood transfusion in high-blood-loss non-cardiac surgery: results of a European phase 3 study.
Anesthesiology, Volume 97, page 1338-1349, 2002.
Switzerland
12459658

Spence R:
Perfluorocarbons in the twenty-first century: Clinical applications as transfusion alternatives.
Artificial Cells Blood Substitutes and Immobilization Biotechnology, Volume 23, pages 367-380, 1995.
United States
96114767

Spiess BD, Cochran RP:
Perfluorocarbon emulsions and cardiopulmonary bypass: A technique for the future.
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 10, pages 83-90, 1996.
United States
97291783

Takaori M, Fukui A:
Treatment of massive hemmorrhage with liposome encapsulated human hemoglobin (NRC) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in beagles.
Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes and Immobilization Biotechnology, Volume 24, pages 643-653, 1996.
Japan

Wahr J, Trouwborst A, Spence RK, Henny CP, Cernaianu AC, Graziano GP, Tremper K, Flaim K, Keipert P, Faithfull NS, Clymer JJ:
A pilot study of the effects of a perflubron emulsion, AF 0104, on mixed venous oxygen tension in anesthetized surgical patients.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 82, pages 103-107, 1996.
United States
96124802

Winslow RM, Lohman J, Malavalli A, Vandegriff KD:
Comparison of PEG-modified albumin and hemoglobin in extreme hemodilution in the rat.
Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 97, pages 1527-1534, 2004.
United States
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Cardiac Surgery

Boldt J, Bormann BV, Kling D. Scheld H, Hempelmann G:
Influence of acute normovolemic hemodilution on extravascular lung water in cardiac surgery.
Critical Care Medicine, Volume 16, pages 336-339, 1988.
Germany
3258222

Boldt J, Kling D, Zickmann B, Muhlhause M, Dapper F, Hempelmann G:
The hemodynamic effects of various hydroxyethyl starch solutions in cardiosurgery  patients.
Anaesthesist, Volume 39, pages 6-12, 1990.
Germany
1689558

Boldt JB, Kling D, Weidler B, Zickmann B, Herold C, Dapper F, Hempelmann G:
Acute preoperative hemodilution in cardiac surgery: Volume replacement with a hypertonic saline-hydroxyethyl starch solution.
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 5, pages 23-28, 1991.
Germany
91329626

Boldt JB, Zickman B, Scholz S, Dapper F, Hempelmann G:
Heparin management with respect to various blood-conservation techniques.
Surgery, Volume 111, pages 260-265, 1992.
Germany
92179878

Boldt J, Zickmann B, Rapin J, Hammermann H, Dapper F, Hempelmann G:
Influence of volume replacement with different HES-solutions on microcirculatory blood flow in cardiac surgery.
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Volume 38, pages 432-438, 1994.
Germany
7524255

Botero CA, Haime M:
Emergent repair of aortic transection facilitated by phlebotomy.
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 15, pages 761-763, 2001.
Columbia
11748530

Canver CC, Kroncke GM, Nichols RD, Murray RD, Mentzer RM:
The effects of intraoperative autologous whole blood sequestration on the need for transfusion of allogeneic blood and blood products in coronary bypass operations.
Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery (Torino), Volume 36, pages 423-428, 1995.
United States
96105254

Casati V, Benussi S, Sandrelli L, Grasso MA, Spagnolo S, D'Angelo A:
Intraoperative moderate acute normovolemic hemodilution associated with a comprehensive blood-sparing protocol in off-pump coronary surgery.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 98, pages 1217-1223, 2004.
Italy
15105190

Casati V, Speziali G, D'Alessandro C, Cianchi C, Antonietta Grasso M, Spagnolo S,  Sandrelli L:
Intraoperative low-volume acute normovolemic hemodilution in adult open-heart surgery.
Anesthesiology, Volume 97, pages 367-373, 2002.
Italy
12151926

Cohn LH, Fosberg AM, Anderson WP, Collins JJ:
The effects of phlebotomy, hemodilution and autologous transfusion on systemic oxygenation and whole blood utilization in open heart surgery.
Chest, Volume 68, pages 283-287, 1975.
United States
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Cosgrove DM, Loop FD, Lytle BW, Gill CC, Golding LR, Taylor PC, Forsythe SB:
Determinants of blood utilization during myocardial revascularization.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 40, pages 380-384, 1985.
United States
86024478

Cosgrove DM, Thurer RL, Lytle BW, Gill CG, Peter M, Loop FD:
Blood conservation during myocardial revascularization.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 28, pages 184-189, 1979.
United States
79254820

Dale J, Lilleaasen  P, Erikssen J:
Hemostasis after open-heart surgery with extreme or moderate hemodilution.
European Surgical Research, Volume 19, pages 339-347, 1987.
Norway
88185359

Dietrich W, Barankay A, Dilthey G, Mitto HP, Richter JA:
Reduction of blood utilization during myocardial revascularization.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 97, 213-219, 1989.
Germany
89126458

Dietrich W, Gob E, Barankay, HPM, Richter JA:
Reduction of whole blood requirement in coronary artery bypass surgery by haemoseparation and isovolaemic haemodilution.
Der Anaesthetist, Volume 32: 427-432, 1983.
Germany
84050185
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Dodrill FD, Marshall N, Nyboer J, Hughes CH, Derbyshire AJ, Stearns AB:
The use of the heart-lung apparatus in human cardiac surgery.
Journal of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 33, pages 60-74, 1957.
United States
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Ferraris VA, Berry WR, Klingman RR:
Comparison of blood reinfusion techniques used during coronary artery bypass grafting.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 56, pages 433-440, 1993.
United States
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Hallowell P, Bland JHL, Buckley MJ, Lowenstein E:
Transfusion of fresh autologous blood in open-heart surgery.  A method for reducing banked-blood requirements.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 64, pages 941-948, 1972.
United States
73047740

Hallowell P, Bland JHL, Dalton BC, Erdmann AJ, Lappas DG, Laver MB, Philbin D, Thomas S, Lowenstein E:
The effect of hemodilution with albumen or Ringer’s lactate on water balance and blood use in open-heart surgery.
Annals of thoracic Surgery, Volume 25, pages 23-29, 1978.
United States
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Hardesty RL, Bayer W, Bahnson HT:
A technique for the use of autologous fresh whole blood during open heart surgery.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 56, pages 684-688, 1968.
United States
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Helm RE, Klemperer JD, Rosengart TK, Gold JP, Peterson P, deBois WJ, Altorki NK,  Lang S, Thomas S, Isom OW, Krieger KH:
Intraoperative autologous blood donation preserves red cell mass but does not decrease postoperative bleeding.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume, 62, pages 1431-1441, 1996.
United States
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Helm RE, Rosengart TK, Gomez M, Klemperer JD, deBois WJ, Velasco F, Gold JP, Altorki NK,  Lang S, Thomas S, Isom OW, Krieger KH:
Comprehensive multimodality blood conservation:  100 Consecutive CABG operations without transfusion.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 65, pages 125-136, 1998.
United States
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Herregods L, Foubert L, Moerman K, Francois K, Rolly G:
Comparative study of limited intentional normovolaemic haemodilution in patients with left main coronary artery stenosis.
Anaesthesia, Volume 50, pages 950-953, 1995
Belgium
96246581

Herregods L, Moerman A, Foubert L, Den Blauwen ND, Mortier E, Poelaert J, Struys M;
Limited intentional normovolemic hemodilution: ST-segment chnages and use of homologous blood products in patients with left main coronary stenosis.
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 11, pages 18-23, 1997.
Belgium
97211216

Hohn L, Schweizer A, Licker M, Morel DR:
Absence of beneficial effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution combined with  aprotinin on allogeneic blood transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery.
Anesthesiology, Volume 96, pages 276-282, 2002.
Switzerland
11818756

Jalonen J, Heretoja O, Laaksonen V, Niinikoski J, Inberg MV:
Myocardial oxygen balance during hemodilution in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
European Surgical Research, Volume 16, pages 141-147, 1984.
Finland
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Johnson RG, Thurer RL, Kruskall MS, Sirois C, Gervino EV, Critchlow J, Weintraub RM:
Comparison of two transfusion strategies after elective operations for myocardial revascularization.
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Jovic ME, Calija BM, Radomir BJ, Peric MS, Krivokapic BN, Jagodic SP, Babic MJ, Ethukanovic BP:
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Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 11, pages 201-205, 2003.
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Kahraman S, Altunkaya H, Celebioglu B, Kanbak M, Pasaoglu I, Erdem K:
The effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution on homologous blood requirements and total estimated red blood cell volume lost.
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Kaplan JA, Cannarella C, Jones EL, Kutner MH, Hatcher CR, Dunbar RW:
Autologous blood transfusion during cardiac surgery.  A re-evaluation of three methods.
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Klovekorn WP, Richter J, Sebening F:
Hemodilution in coronary bypass operations.
Bibliotheca Haematologica, Volume 47, pages 297-302, 1981.
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Kochamba GS, Pfeffer TA, Sintek CF, Khonsari S:
Intraoperative autotransfusion reduces blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 61, pages 900-903, 1996.
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Laver MB, Buckley MJ, Austen WG:
Extreme hemodilution with profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest.
Bibliotheca Haematologica, Volume 41, pages 225-238, 1975.
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Lawson NW, Ochsner JL, Mills NL, Leonard GL:
The use of hemodilution and fresh autologous blood in open-heart surgery.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 53, pages 672-682, 1974.
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Licker M, Ellenberger C, Murith N, Tassaux D, Sierra J, Diaper J, Morel DR:
Cardiovascular response to acute normovolaemic haemodilution in patients with severe aortic stenosis: assessment with transoesophageal echocardiography.
Anaesthesia, Volume 59, pages 1170-1177, 2004.
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Lilleason P, Stokke O:
Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery: evaluation of haemolysis, cell damage and protein changes.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical laboratory Investigation, Volume 39, pages 133-141, 1979.
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Lilleason P, Stokke O:
Moderate and extreme haemodilution in open-heart surgery: electrolytes, urea, creatinine and osmolality.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical laboratory Investigation, Volume 39, pages 125-132, 1979.
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Lilleason P, Froysaker T, Stokke O:
Cardiac surgery in extreme haemodilution without donor blood, blood products or artificial macromolecules.
Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 12, pages 249-251, 1978.
Norway
79076551

Lilleason P, Froysaker T:
Fresh autologous blood in open-heart surgery.  Influence on blood requirements, bleeding and platelet counts.
Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 13, pages 41-46, 1979.
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Lilleason P:
Moderate and extreme  haemodilution in open-heart surgery.
Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 11, pages 97-103, 1977.
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McGill N, O'Shaughnessy D, Pickering R, Herbertson M, Gill R:
Mechanical methods of reducing blood transfusion in cardiac surgery: randomised controlled trial.
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Moskowitz DM, Klein JJ, Shander A, Cousineau KM, Goldweit RS, Bodian C, Perelman SI, Kang H, Fink DA, Rothman HC, Ergin MA:
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Mohr R, Sagi B, Lavee J, Goor DA:
The hemostatic effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma versus autologous whole blood after cardiac operations: is platelet separation really necessary?
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Murday HK, Jungblatt M:
How safe is isovolemic hemodilution in the geriatric high-risk patient? Clinical investigations in geriatric cardiac surgery.
Anasthesiologie Intesivmedizin Notfallmedizin Schmerztherapie, Volume 25, pages 335-339, 1990.
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Nikiforov IuV, Babaev OV, Matiunin AV:
Normovolemic hemodilution during surgical revascularization of the myocardium.
Anesteziologiia i Reanimatologiia, Volume 3, pages 46-49, 2003.
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Niinikoski J, Laaksonen O, Meretoja O, Jalonen J, Inberg MV:
Oxygen transport to tissue under normovolemic moderate and extreme hemodilution during coronary artery bypass operation.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 31, pages 134-143, 1981.
Finland
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Niinikoski J, Laaksonen O, Meretoja O, Jalonen J, Arstila M, Inberg MV:
Oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation under moderate and extreme haemodilution during coronary artery bypass surgery.
Annals of Clinical Research, Volume 33, Supplement 13, pages 59 –64, 1981.
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Niinikoski J, Laato M, Laaksonen O, Vanttinen E, Arstila M, Inberg MV:
Effects of extreme haemodilution on the immediate post-operative course of coronary bypass patients.
European Surgical Research, Volume 15, pages 1-10, 1983.
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Nuttall GA, Oliver Jr. WC, Ereth MH, Santrack PJ, Bryant SC, Orszulak TA, Schaff HV:
Comparison of blood-conservation strategies in cardiac surgery patients at high risk for bleeding.
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Ochsner JL, Mills NL, Leonard GL, Lawson N:
Fresh autologous blood transfusions with extracorporeal circulation.
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Ovrum E, Holen EA, Abdelnoor M, Oystese:
Conventional blood conservation techniques in 500 consecutive coronary bypass operations.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 52, pages 500-505, 1991.
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Ovrum E, Holen EA, Ringdal ML:
Elective coronary bypass surgery without homologous blood transfusion.
Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 25, pages 13-18, 1991.
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Owings DV, Kruskall MS, Thurer RL, Donovan LM:
Autologous blood donations prior to elective cardiac surgery.  Safety and effect on subsequent blood use.
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Petry AF, Jost T, Sievers H:
Reduction of homologous blood requirements by blood-pooling at the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Pliam MB, McGoon DC, Tarhan S:
Failure of autologous whole blood to reduce banked-blood requirements of open-heart surgical patients.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 70, pages 338-43, 1975.
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Ramnath AN, Naber HR, de Boer A, Leusink JA:
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Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 125, pages 1432-1437, 2003.
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Rosengart TK, Helm RE, deBois WJ, Garcia N, Krieger KH, Isom OW:
Open heart operations without transfusion using a multimodality blood conservation strategy in 50 Jehovah’s Witness patients: Implications for a "bloodless" surgical technique.
Journal of the American  College of Surgeons, Volume 184, pages 618-629, 1997.
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Sandrelli L, Pardini A, Lorusso R, Sala ML, Licenziati M, Alfieri O:
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Schonberger JPAM, Bredee JJ, Tjian D, Everts PAM, Wildevuur CRH:
Intraoperative predonation contributes to blood saving.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 56, pages 893-898, 1993.
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Scott WJ, Rode R, Castlemain B, Kessler R, Follis F, Pett SB, Wernley JA:
Efficacy, complications, and cost of a comprehensive blood conservation program for cardiac operations.
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Sherman MM, Dobnik DB, Dennis RC, Berger RL:
Autologous blood transfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Chest. Volume 70, pages 592-595, 1976.
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Tyson GS, Sladen RN, Spainhour V, Savitt MA, Ferguson TB, Wolfe WG:
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Van der Linden P, De Hert S, Daper A, Trenchant A, Jacobs D, De Boelpaepe C, Kimbimbi P, Defrance P, Simoens G:
A standardized multidisciplinary approach reduces the use of allogeneic blood products in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
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Vedrinne C, Girard C, Jegaden O, Blanc P, Bouvier H, Ffrench P, Mikaeloff P, Estanove S.
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Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Volume 6, pages 319-323, 1992.
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Von Bormann BV, Boldt J, Kling D, Weidler B, Scheld HH, Hempelmann G:
Combined autotransfusion in cardiac surgery:  the use of acute normovolemic hemodilution before and during coronary-artery surgery (aorto-coronary bypass).
Deutsch Medizinische Wochenschrift, Volume 112, pages 1887-1892, 1987.
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Wagstaffe JG, Clarke AD, Jackson PW:
Reduction of blood loss by restoration of platelet levels using fresh autologous blood after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Thorax, Volume 27, pages 410-414, 1972.
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Yeh T, Shelton L, Yeh TJ:
Blood loss and bank blood requirement in coronary bypass surgery.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Volume 26, pages 11-16, 1978.
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Zubiate P, Kay JH, Mendez AM, Krohn BG, Hochman R, Dunne EF:
Coronary artery surgery:  A new technique with use of little blood, if any.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 68, pages 263-267, 1974.
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Cost Analyses

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Blood transfusion costs: A multicenter study.
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Goodnough L, Bodner MS, Martin JW:
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Gouezec H, Tardivel R, Danic B, Ballay JL, Malledant Y:
Evaluation of the cost of autologous erythrocyte concentrates in a hospital.
Cahiers d'anesthesiologie, Volume 44, 451-454, 1996.
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Lubarsky DA, Hahn C, Bennett DH, Smith LR, Bredehoeft SJ, Klein HG, Reves JG:
The hospital cost (fiscal year 1991/1992) of a simple perioperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion during elective surgery at Duke university.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 79, pages 629-637, 1994.
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Lutz JT, Valentin-Gamazo C, Gorlinger K, Malago M, Peters J:
Blood-transfusion requirements and blood salvage in donors undergoing right hepatectomy for living related liver transplantation.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 96, pages 351-355, 2003.
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Roberts W, Kirkley SA, Newby M:
A cost comparison of allogeneic and preoperatively or intraoperatively donated autologous.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 83, pages 129-133, 1996.
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Von Bormann B, Weidler B, Boldt J, Jooss D, Aigner K, Peil J, Hempelmann  G:
Acute normovolemic hemodilution in extensive surgical interventions
Der Chirurg, Volume 57, pages 457-464, 1986.
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Lindahl S:
Thinner than blood.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, Volume 80, pages 217-218, 1995.
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Messmer K:
Haemodilution.
Anaesthetist, Volume 25, page 123, 1976.
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Moore FD:
Transcapillary refill, the unrepaired anemia, and clinical hemodilution.
Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics, Volume 139, pages 245-247, 1974.
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Tremper KK:
Perfluorochemical "blood substitutes".
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Tremper KK:
Perfluorochemical "red blood cell substitutes": the continued search for an indication.
Anesthesiology, Volume 97, pages 1333-1334, 2002.
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Weiskopf RB:
More on the changing indications for transfusion of blood and blood components during anesthesia.
Anesthesiology, Volume 84, pages 498-501, 1996.
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Weiskopf RB:
Hemodilution and candles.
Anesthesiology, Volume 97, pages 773-775.
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Adzick NS, deLorimier AA, Harrison MR, Glick PL, Fisher DM:
Major childhood tumor resection using normovolemic hemodilution anesthesia and hetastarch.
Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Volume 20, pages 372-375, 1985.
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Coburg AJ, Husen K, Pichlmayr K:
Hypertonic circulatory response to clinical haemodilution.
Anaesthetist, Volume 25, pages 150-155, 1976.
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Coburg AJ,  Husen K, Pichlmayr R:
Possibility of avoiding blood transfusion by using hemodilution.
Zentralblatt fur Chirugie, Volume 22, pages 1384-1387, 1975.
Germany
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Coburg AJ, Husen K, Trentz O, Grosse H, Pichlmayr I, Pichlmayr R:
Use and limitations of acute normovolemic hemodilution.
Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirugie. Supplement Chirugie Forum: 399-404,
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Finsterer U, Kapser S, Reiser-Zimre E, Fottner I:
Relationship of haematocrit and plasma protein concentration pre- and postoperatively under "isotonic" haemodilution and haemoconcentration, and during laparotomy.
Anaesthetist, Volume 30, pages 383-389, 1981.
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Henley M, Tomlinson P, Bailie FB, Obeid EM:
Acute haemodilution in surgery for burns: a preliminary report.
British Journal of Surgery, Volume 80, pages 1294-1295, 1993.
United Kingdom
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Hensel M, Wrobel R, Volk T, Pahlig H, Kox WJ:
Changes in coagulation physiology and rheology after preoperative normovolemic hemodilution.
Anasthesiologie Intensivemedizin Notfallmedizin Schmerztherapie, Volume 31, pages 481-487, 1996.
Germany
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Klovekorn WP,  Pichlmaier H, Ott E, Bauer H, Sunder-Plassman L, Messmer K:
Acute preoperative haemodilution – Possibility for autologous blood transfusion.
Chirurg, Volume 45, pages 452-458, 1974.
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Koch HD:
Acute normovolaemic haemodilution.
Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie, Volume 104, pages 1123-1125, 1979.
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Pichlmayr I, Coburg AJ, Pichlmayr R:
Clinical hemodilution.
Praktische Anaesthesie Wiedebelebung und Intensivtherapie, Volume 11, pages 310-319, 1976.
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Rose D, Coutsoftides T:
Intraoperative normovolemic hemodilution.
Journal of  Surgical Research, Volume 31, pages 375-381, 1981.
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Rosenblatt MA, Cantos Jr. EM, Mohandas K:
Intraoperative hemodilution is more cost-effective than preoperative autologous donation for patients undergoing procedures associated with a low risk for transfusion.
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, Volume 9, pages 26-29, 1997.
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Sanders G, Coker AO, Mellor NJ, Richards K, Rushton AR, Christie I, Hosie KB:
Acute normovolaemic haemodilution in colorectal surgery.
European Journal of Surgical Oncology, Volume 28, pages 52-522, 2002.
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Sanders G, Mellor N, Rickards K, Rushton A, Christie I, Nicholl J, Copplestone A, Hosie K:
Prospective randomized controlled trial of acute normovolaemic haemodilution in major gastrointestinal surgery.
British Journal of Anaesthesia, Volume 93, pages 775-781, 2004.
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Spahn DR, Zollinger A, Schlumpf RB, Stohr S, Seifert B, Schmid ER, Pasch T:
Hemodilution tolerance in elderly patients without known cardiac disease.
Anesthesia and Analgesia , Volume 82, pages 681-686, 1996.
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